International SEO Guide for Global Websites

Hreflang implementation, international domain architectures, and market-specific localization tactics for global SEO.

Speakers: Okan Çakır

Content author

Okan ÇakırinSEO on Board

22 Mar 2017

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⏱ 13 min read• 2,286 words

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Hey everyone, I'm Okan. I work as an SEO analyst at Zeo. In this video, I'll walk you through SEO strategy for multilingual and multi-regional websites. Maybe you run a content site. Maybe you run an e-commerce store. Either way. Opening up to a new region or a new language changes your whole SEO process. That optimization process actually starts with naming the new version. So my first point is how to pick your website's name. You've got 5 options here. I'll go through the pros and cons of each one.

Your first option is a subdirectory for the new version. It looks like this: site.com/en. That's where your new language or region version lives. But we run into some common problems here. The first one is inefficient management. The IT side usually isn't thrilled about this idea. Say you need a different template for the new version. Or a different structure altogether. That can get messy on the backend. For example, if your CMS has issues, content can land under the wrong slug. That means a broken URL structure. Another downside: one shared server won't always perform well across different regions.

Targeting a country far from your server can hurt performance. There's also a UX problem. The user sees site.com in the search results. So they may feel the site isn't built for their region or their language. But there are upsides too. First, you get to use your existing domain's strength. You can push that authority into making the new version visible fast. Plus, backlinks and organic traffic from the new version can lift your main domain too. You also get much more out of Analytics and Search Console. When a user lands on your site. You see how they move between language and region versions. You see how they engage. All of it under one console.

And the shared server cuts both ways. It's a downside, but it's an upside too. Using the same server costs you less. Maybe this is the biggest win of subdirectories for your brand. You show up as the same domain in search results. So your brand strength stays intact. Your other option is hosting the new version under a different extension. For example, this can be at the country level or the region level. So site.com.tr, or site.eu for a site targeting the European Union. You can set one up that way. The biggest downside? You can't tap into your existing domain strength.

So if you already have site.com. Using a separate extension like site.com.tr means you won't fully benefit from your current domain's authority. On top of that, say you use extensions targeting the same language but different regions. Think co.uk for the UK, or .us for the States. If both sites have the same URL and the same content. In the same language, that can cause external duplication problems. Another downside is the cost. It adds up fast. You'd need to buy separate extensions for every language and region version. Then you have to host them all on servers. So those are the downsides.

On the plus side, as Google says. Using an extension like com.tr or .eu helps bots make sense of that region. It signals clearly that you're targeting that region. It also makes it easier for users to spot in search results. And managing it is a bit easier than a subdirectory. Because here you can use a different setup. It's almost like building a brand new site. You can fix what's broken on your current site. You get a cleaner web site from scratch. Those are the pros and cons.

Our other option is using a subdomain. So you'd end up with something like fr.site.com. Of course, subdomains have their own downsides. The first one is user perception. People may see that setup and think spam. So if they know you, if they know your brand. And then they see a different structure, they might read it as spam. They might see it as a site built to trick them. That can drop your click-through rates in Search results. Beyond that, there's a UX targeting problem. Users may not know if "fr" means the language or the country. Is it French, or is it France? That confusion can hurt how your site performs in Search results.

Another problem is brand perception. It gets damaged, really. Say your ad shows up in another country with that subdomain look. That can chip away at your brand perception. Users are just more used to seeing plain site.com. Beyond that, managing it is easier than running a subdirectory. On a subdomain you get better positioning on the backend side. And since you're on the same server, your costs stay a bit lower. Plus you feed off your existing domain, site.com. You feed that domain with backlinks and organic traffic. So it helps you indirectly. Another option is using parameters. That means flagging the language or country with a parameter in the URL after site.com/.

Google doesn't recommend this. They spelled it out. So unless you're really stuck, skip this option. You can't set targeting in Search Console either. And you can lose a lot on country and language based searches. So with this option, bots and users both get poor targeting. Our last option is localization. That means taking your site.com presence and building a new site for another country. You match that country's cultural and language differences. You run it on a separate top-level domain in that region. Think D-Website. You can target German users with a totally different look.

But of course, you lose the domain's authority. And maybe most important, the brand's power. If you're a known brand, users in that country won't recognize your new name. You'll need marketing work to grab their attention. That can get expensive fast. So weigh the pros and cons with your marketing team first. The upside is real. Do localization well. And you've got a shot at better visibility in that region and language. So with all these domain options on the table, each with tradeoffs. What do you do?

The smartest move here is simple. Get your marketing and engineering teams in one room. Decide on the approach together. Know what you actually need. Know what's technically possible on your end. There are three popular domain variations to pick from. The first one is a country extension like com.tr. Say you genuinely operate in that country. You've got a separate marketing channel there. You're targeting that region specifically. Then go with a country-level extension. Search engine bots read those more clearly. Otherwise, let's say it's just your company's official web site. Not much content on it.

You're only targeting users by language. A subdirectory works well here. It makes your analytics much cleaner. You can see which pages users follow and browse. The other option is a subdomain. Go this route if your brand is genuinely strong. It fits when you want one domain with a subdomain per country and language. Alibaba does it as turkish.alibaba.com. Wikipedia runs tr.wikipedia.org. If your company isn't that strong, it can hurt you. Look at Amazon as an example. Amazon serves European users, especially in Germany. It built a tr subdirectory under the .de domain. That's where it put the Turkish version of the site.

It didn't launch a separate site on .com.tr. I think that's because Amazon doesn't actually operate in Turkey yet. At least not for now. So you need to define your targets clearly. Now for other technical improvements you can make. The best way to tell search engine bots your target country or language is hreflang tags. These tags go in the page source. You place them inside the head section like this. So say you want to tell bots your English page targets users in Ireland. You need to mark it up like this. These markups come in different versions, of course. For example, you use "de" and stop there. That tells search engines the page is in German. No region targeting at all.

Or you can target different regions inside the same language. Here we're targeting Ireland. And here we can target Great Britain like this. Or you can mix language and region freely. This is how we say German content targets users in Spain. Maybe your site's entry page asks users for a country or language. If you have that kind of landing page, use x-default. It tells search engine bots you're doing no targeting there. There are a few things we need to watch out for here.

One of the biggest mistakes we see is markup pointing every page type at the homepage. But if URL A maps to URL B. The source code has to say exactly that. And they need to point at each other. Both directions. Same goes if you mark up more than one language. Say you point language A at language B. Both languages have to appear in the source code. Both regions too. And they have to reference each other. Otherwise bots may not get it right.

If you don't have any region or language targeting, you don't need to include it. Beyond that, you can also mark up non-HTML pages. PDF files, for example. We can pass that in the HTTP header. Some sites redirect users to page versions based on IP and cookies. But that can cause some big headaches. Google's bots crawl from the US. So you might see Google index only your US version, your English version. The other versions get left out. So how do you measure all this after you've added the markup? This is where Google's own tool, Search Console, comes in. In Search Console, under international targeting on the left, there are two tabs. Language and country. Under the language tab, you can see how many pages carry hreflang markup. You can also see how many throw errors and fix them.

Or under the country tab, you can set which country the site targets overall. These are mostly technical-side improvements, of course. There's also work we can do on the content side. Like I said at the start of the video. When you open up to a new country or language. You have to account for that culture too. That means going through a localization process. First, you obviously need to do your keyword research for that country and language. Here's an example. Say you run an e-commerce site. You're expanding into a new country, and you sell umbrellas.

In the UK, the word "umbrella" pulls 33,000 searches. In France, "parapluie" gets 18,000. The reason is probably simple. It rains most days in the UK. So people search for umbrellas a lot. This is where you shape your category structure. Same for page authority and the backlinks you earn. This applies to different words across languages. It also applies to the same word in different languages. How does that work? In the UK, "snowboard" gets 18,000 searches. In France, it gets 27,000. That's likely because winter tourism is huge there. The mountains drive it. So if you already have a snowboard category, optimize it for that region. You'll get better visibility.

Or maybe you're not an e-commerce site at all. You could run a content site. A news site, for example. Say you're launching your UK version. "Royal Family" is a big deal there. That search gets 22,000 per month. France is a republic. There, "famille royale" only gets 3,000 searches. So you should build your content around that. Maybe you launch new pages for it. Or maybe you shut down existing pages in that region and language. Another topic is localization. Here's how we handle it. It can be language-based. English splits in two, for example. American English and British English. Say you're an e-commerce site operating in the US. And you want to enter the UK market.

Your existing keywords can behave differently in that region. Take the word sneakers. It gets 165,000 searches a month in the US. The British English equivalent, trainers, gets 22,000. Now let's look at the United Kingdom. There, the American term sneakers gets 15,000 searches. Trainers, the British English word, gets 110,000. These gaps come from how language is used in each country. So you need to optimize accordingly. Another kind of optimization is on images. Say a site operating in Europe expands into the Middle East. If it keeps using the same stereotypes in its images, the user experience there suffers.

So you can optimize your images for that region's culture. Or the optimization can happen on the UX side. Say you're launching an Arabic version. The site structure you use there may need to differ. Arabic's own structure demands it. You can change the tone, the sidebars, and the placements you use. Do it to improve the user experience. The last topic I'll touch on is keyword cannibalization. Let me explain it like this. Say two of your pages target the same keyword in the same language. If both show up in Search results, bots may keep swapping their positions. They might not tell the difference between them. This usually shows up as external duplication. That happens when you serve the same content on separate domain extensions.

At this point, try to differentiate the two pages. Or take the one you don't use, or the one that matters less. Point it at the more important one with a canonical. Broadly, these are the methods you can apply for multilingual and multi-regional web sites. Beyond that, if you have thoughts of your own, share them with us. If there's anything you'd add, we'd love to hear it.

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Okan Çakır

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